Felis ISSN 2398-2950
Retina: hemorrhage
Contributor(s): Dennis E Brooks, David Gould, David Williams
Introduction
- Retinal hemorrhage may be a sign of (or sequel to) concurrent intraocular disease. Alternatively it may be an indication of a systemic bleeding disorder.
- Cause:
- Systemic hypertension Hypertension.
- Ocular trauma:
- Secondary to intraocular disease:
- Thrombocytopenia:
- Clotting factor defects:
- Primary:
- Vitamin K dependent coagulopathy (Devon Rex).
- Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency Hemophilia.
- Hemophilia B (Factor IX deficiency).
- Other clotting factor deficiencies.
- Secondary due to liver disease, rodenticide poisoning, drug toxicity, neoplasia, disseminated intravascular coagulation.
- Others:
- Vasculitis, hypervicosity, chronic anemia.
- Signs: intra-retinal, subretinal or pre-retinal hemorrhage.
- Diagnosis: ophthalmoscopy.
- Treatment: treat underlying cause.
Pathogenesis
Pathophysiology
- Retinal hemorrhage may occur because of:
- Systemic hypertension Hypertension.
- Blunt or penetrating ocular trauma leading to traumatic hemorrhage.
- Chorioretinal inflammation (posterior uveitis, eg secondary to infectious, immune-mediated or neoplastic causes).
- Chronic intraocular disease such as glaucoma Glaucoma, lens luxation Eye: lens luxation, retinal detachment Retina: detachment or intraocular neoplasia, leading to development of pre-iridal fibrovascular membranes, which are associated with increased blood vessel fragility.
- A systemic bleeding disorder such as thrombocytopenia Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia or thrombocytopathia as listed above.
- Choroidal and retinal neoplasia (particularly metastatic tumors or lymphoma).
Diagnosis
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Treatment
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Outcomes
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Goree M, Catalfamo J L, Aber S et al (2005) Characterization of the mutations causing hemophilia B in 2 domestic cats. J Vet Intern Med 19 (2), 200-204 PubMed.
- Brooks M (1999) Hereditary bleeding disorders in dogs and cats. Vet Med 94 (6), 555-564 VetMedResource.
- Sansom J, Barnett K C, Dunn K A et al (1994) Ocular disease associated with hypertension in 16 cats. JSAP 35 (12), 604-611 VetMedResource.
- Jordan H L, Grindem C B, Breitschwerdt E B (1993) Thrombocytopenia in cats: a retrospective study of 41 cases. J Vet Intern Med 7 (5), 261-265 PubMed.
- Maggio-Price L, Dodds W J (1993) Factor IX deficiency (Hemophilia B) in a family of British Shorthair cats. JAVMA 203 (12), 1702-1704 PubMed.
- Littlewood J D, Evans R J (1990) A combined deficiency of factor VIII and contact activation defect in a family of cats. Br Vet J 146 (1), 30-35 PubMed.
- Maddison J E, Watson A D, Eade I G et al (1990) Vitamin-K dependent multifactor coagulopathy in Devon Rex cats. JAVMA 197 (11), 1495-1497 PubMed.
- Fischer C A (1970) Retinopathy in anemic cats. JAVMA 156 (10), 1415-1427 PubMed.
Other sources of information
- Petersen-Jones S & Crispin S (2002) BSAVA Manual of Small Animal Ophthalmology. 2nd edn. British Small Animal Veterinary Association. ISBN 0 905214 54 4