Bovis ISSN 2398-2993

Cardiovascular system: examination

Introduction

• A thorough examination of the cardiovascular system is essential as part of a major body system assessment in critically ill animals and as part of a full clinical examination.
• It is an important part of a pre-anesthetic evaluation.
• In cattle where cardiac disease is suspected, a methodical examination is important to act as a basis from which to select appropriate further diagnostic tests and to evaluate the severity of disease.

Signalment

History

Clinical examination

Cardiac auscultation

Further investigations